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| Parched soil at Loddington in Summer 2018 |
In the autumn, the World Meteorological Organization reported that 2018 was set to be the fourth warmest year on record, meaning that the
four most recent years have also been the warmest. The most recent greenhouse gas concentration records
for carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are respectively, 146%, 257% and
122% above pre-industrial levels. The
implications globally are enormous, but the 2018 drought across Europe
represents one recent regional symptom that is consistent with climate change
projections.
The most recent United Nations annual Emissions Gap report
spelled out the very real threats arising from failure to meet the 1.5C target set
in Paris in 2016, but last month’s talks in Poland resulted in agreement
over little more than how to monitor the deterioration in our global
climate. When it comes to climate change, 'no deal' is infinitely more serious than it is for Brexit.
Recognition of these trends has prompted
calls for increased resilience in our food production systems, and in flood
risk management and multiple other areas of our national infrastructure and systems. Our research at the Allerton Project plays a
small part in advancing our knowledge about practical approaches to building
resilience. Direct drilling can
potentially increase soil moisture available to crops in drought, and reduce sedimentation of drainage channels in flood prone areas. Deep-rooting agricultural grass cultivars
have similar potential. The permeable dams
we have introduced into our landscape scale Water Friendly Farming experiment are specifically designed to hold back water
in headwaters and reduce flood risk downstream.
But while this is a pragmatic response
to a changing climate, is the emphasis on building resilience also a
distraction from the real need for mitigation?
Are we treating the symptoms at the expense of the search for a
cure? Does such an approach even
encourage complacency?
Food production is responsible for about 10% of
greenhouse gas emissions, although this proportion could increase to 30% by 2050,
as other sectors take steps to reduce theirs.
‘Industry’ and ‘travel’ currently dominate greenhouse gas emissions, but
thinking in terms of broad sectors such as these is not necessarily helpful. In the end, it is largely the users of these
services, individuals and individual businesses of all types (as well as policy makers of
course), who have the responsibility and power to contribute to a reduction in
emissions.
At the Allerton Project,
reducing tillage intensity cuts down on fuel use, and we are developing plans with our partners in the Sustainable Intensification research Platform (SIP) to understand better, and to address the issue of greenhouse gas emissions across arable and livestock systems. Solar panels and wood fuel heating of our
buildings also reduce the need for fossil fuels, and an increasing focus on
nitrogen use efficiency could help to do the same. On a more individual basis, teleconferences, Skype calls and home working
reduce the need for travel, and using alternatives to air travel for international journeys wherever possible also reduces emissions.
The social and economic pressures to adopt a lifestyle that contributes to climate change are considerable. A change is needed to address this, at both personal and policy levels. Many feel that the impacts
of climate change do not apply to them, and accept little responsibility for its
mitigation. The science demonstrates
very clearly that this is misguided. The developing evidence also indicates that there are
multiple ways of achieving the necessary changes, and individuals and
businesses can adopt different strategies. As in so many things, diversity is a strength. Carrying on as usual is not a resolution,
and ultimately, nor is it an option.
